Friday 31 August 2012


Catia Video Tutorials

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CarouSlide - carousel slideshow plugin for jQuery.

Example 1

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CarouSlide - carousel slideshow plugin for jQuery.

Example 1

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Thursday 30 August 2012


An autonomous vehicle is fundamentally defined as a passenger vehicle that drives by itself. An autonomous vehicle is also referred to as an autopilot, driverless car, auto-drive car, or automated guided vehicle.
In the future, automated systems will help to avoid accidents and reduce congestion. The future vehicles will be capable of determining the best route and warn each other about the conditions ahead.
 Audi-TTS-Self-Driving-Car
Google has been working on it’s self driving car technology, where the user is required to enter an address in Google maps, after which the system gathers information from Google Street View and combines it with artificial intelligence software. The software includes information from video cameras in car, a LIDAR sensor on top of vehicle, radar sensors in front and a position sensor attached to one of the rear wheels that helps locate the car’s position on map. These sensors aid the car in maintaining distance with surrounding vehicles/objects.
01-self driving car - vehicular automation - autonomous car
The control mechanism of an autonomous car consists of three main blocks as shown below:
1. Sensors
-laser sensors
-cameras
-radars
-ultrasonic sensors
-GPS, etc.
2. Logic Processing units
-Software
-Decision making
-Checking functionality
-User interface
3. Mechanical control systems
-Consists of servo motors and relays
-Driving wheel control
-Brake control
-Throttle control, etc.
01-Google Self Driving Car - LIDAR Sensor - GPS Sensor
Artificial Intelligence Software:
Artificial intelligence is the making of intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. This system exhibits human intelligence and behaviour include robots, expert systems, voice recognition, natural language processing, face recognition, handwriting recognition, game intelligence, artificial creativity and more. By this technology both google map and google street view are interrelated.
Google Map:
Google Maps is a Google service offering powerful, user-friendly mapping technology
and local business information-including business locations, contact information, and
driving directions.
01-Google Street View - google maps
Google Street View:
Google Street View (GSV) has rapidly expanded to provide street-level images of entire cities all around the world. The number and density of geo-positioned images available make this service truly unprecedented. A Street View user can wander through city streets, enabling a wide range of uses such as scouting a neighbourhood, or finding specific items such as bike racks or mail boxes.
LIDAR Sensor:
Light Detection And Ranging is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. LIDAR uses ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light to image objects and can be used with a wide range of targets, including non-metallic objects, rocks, rain, chemical compounds, aerosols, clouds and even single molecules. A narrow laser beam can be used to map physical features with very high resolution.
image
Position Sensor:
This device provides the latitude, longitude and altitude together with the corresponding standard deviation and the standard NMEA messages with a frequency of 5 Hz. When geostationary satellites providing the GPS drift correction are visible from the car, the unit enters the differential GPS mode (high precision GPS). When no correction signal is available, the device outputs standard precision GPS.
Radar Sensor:
Radar (Radio Detection And Ranging) is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave’s energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

LEDs won’t burn your hand like some light sources, but they do produce heat. All light sources convert electric power into radiant energy and heat in various proportions. LEDs generate little or no IR or UV, but convert only 20%-30% of the power into visible light; the remainder (70%) is converted to heat that must be conducted from the LED die to the underlying circuit board and heat sinks, housings, or luminaire frame elements.
01-Light Emitting Diodes - LED - high powered lighting


Term: Heat Sink:
Thermally conductive material attached to the printed circuit board on which the LED is mounted. Myriad heat sink designs are possible; often a “finned” design is used to increase the surface area available for heat transfer. For general illumination applications, heat sinks are often incorporated into the functional and aesthetic design of the luminaire, effectively using the luminaire chassis as a heat management device.
01-LED bulbs - LED flashlight - LED light bulbs
Why does thermal management matter?
Excess heat directly affects both short-term and long-term LED performance. The short term (reversible) effects are color shift and reduced light output while the long-term effect
is accelerated lumen depreciation and thus shortened useful life. If heat is allowed to build, it can damage parts causing them to dim and lose efficiency.
01-heat sink thermal resistance - heat sink material - LED lights - bonded fin heat sink
Manufacturing Methods:
In liquid metal forging , sometimes called squeeze casting process, molten metal is poured directly into the bottom die. Then the top die is forced down to forge the part as that in a conventional forging operation.
01- liquid forging - liquid metal forging - squeeze casting
The metal solidifies rapidly under considerable pressure in the range of 27.5 to 82.6 MPa depending on the work metal. With optimized process parameters, liquid metal forging parts have no internal porosity and a fine cast structure.
01-heat sink production - heat sink manufacturing - heat sink compound
Previous Heat Sink Manufacturing Methods:
1. Extrusion
2. Machining
3. Stampings
4. Castings
Types of LED Heat Sink produced:
image
Plated Fin
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Pin Fin
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Radial Fin
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Speciality Heat Sink
Benefits of Liquid forged Heat sinks: 
1. Improved thermal performance
Rapid heat transfer delivers more lumens/ watt and enhances the LED lifespan.
• Aluminium wrought alloys conduct heat faster than cast alloys used in die casting.  Also by incorporating a copper base, the heat sink achieves 4 times better thermal conductivity.
• Intricate fins and pins deliver a higher aspect ratio, increasing the surface area for ambient heat transfer. With no centre core, heat removal by convection is also improved.
• Porous-free microstructure eliminates air pockets for rapid, continuous heat transfer through the heat sink to the surroundings.
2. Flexible Design
The key to an effective LED heat sink design is to be able to balance both maximisation of heat sink surface area and form factor constraint of light fixtures. Each custom LED lighting design involves the concept of efficiently transferring as much heat as possible away from the LED chip. With a high aspect ratio and the ability to create 3D designs as a single piece, liquid forging is a highly scalable manufacturing process, allowing the creation of intricate heat sinks made of composite materials such as copper and aluminium in a single step.  The fins of the heat sink can be combined with a copper base to create a radial heat sink with improved design and better thermal conductivity.  The process allows heat sinks and light fixtures to be formed as a single piece, minimising assembly costs, and improving thermal efficiency.
3. Enhanced finishing
The heat sink can be anodised for a better finishing, which further improves thermal performance by an additional 10 – 15%.
Features of LED heat sink by Liquid metal Forging:
1. High aspect ratio
2. Enhanced Heat Dissipation
3. Flexible Design
4. One step manufacturing with light fixture
5. Minimum Porosity
6. Anodised Finishing
7. Enhanced Aluminium alloy conductivity
Advantages:
(i) Elimination of micro porosity (shrinkage and porosity), due to the effect of solidification under pressure.
(ii) Improvement in product surface finishing due to high direct pressure into mould surface.
(iii) Production using Aluminium series materials
(iv) Multi cavity possible
(v) Near net shape process
(vi) High aspect ratio features
Limitations:
(i)  Variation in z‐axis thickness control
(ii) Mechanical structure (elongation)

Tuesday 28 August 2012


Long-lived power supplies for remote and even hostile environmental conditions are needed for space and sea missions. Nuclear batteries can uniquely serve this role. In spite of relatively low power, the nuclear battery with packaging can have an energy density near a thousand watt-hours per kilogram, which is much greater than the best chemical battery. It would reason that small devices would need small batteries to power them.
01-Nano-Nuclear Batteries - thermoelectric devices - thermophotovoltaics


The world of tomorrow that science fiction dreams of and technology manifests might be a very small one. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that typically is produced in nuclear reactors or high energy accelerators. It decays at a rate of about five percent per year (half of it decays in about 12 years). It gives off radiation in the form of a beta particle. Tritium will bind anywhere hydrogen does, including in water, and in plant, animal and human tissue. It cannot be removed from the environment once it is released. Tritium can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through skin.
01-Nuclear batteries -, Direct charge nuclear -  betavoltaic effect
Moreover, radioactive isotopes are available on the market for reasonable prices ($1000) and low power electronics are becoming increasingly more versatile. Therefore, nuclear batteries are commercially relevant today.
Symbol: H (H-3)
Atomic Number: 1(Protons in Nucleus)
Atomic Weight: 1(naturally occurring H)
01-Deuterium-Tritium-Nuclear-Fusion
What is Tritium?
Tritium is the only radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of a tritium atom consists of a proton and two neutrons. This contrasts with the nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom (which consists solely of a proton) and a deuterium atom (which consists of one proton and one neutron). Ordinary hydrogen comprises over 99.9% of all naturally occurring hydrogen. Deuterium comprises about 0.02%, and tritium comprises about a billionth of a billionth (10-16 percent) of natural hydrogen.
What is Isotope?
An isotope is a different form of an element that has the same number of protons in the nucleus but a different number of neutrons.
01-tritium nuclear energy - tritium based energy - life batteries
Alpha radiation:
Alpha particles are Helium nuclei (2 protons and 2 neutrons) .  These particles are relatively heavy and have poor penetrating power being over 90% blocked by a sheet of paper.
Beta Radiation:
Beta radiation (high speed electrons or photons) can penetrate paper.
Gamma Radiation:
Gamma radiation which can penetrate Aluminium.
01-tritium beta energy - tritium battery - nano tritium battery
How to produce a Tritium?
Tritium can be made in production nuclear reactors, i.e., reactors designed to optimize the generation of tritium and special nuclear materials such as plutonium-239. Tritium is produced by neutron absorption of a lithium-6 atom. The lithium-6 atom, with three protons and three neutrons, and the absorbed neutron combine to form a lithium-7 atom with three protons and four neutrons, which instantaneously splits to form an atom of tritium (one proton and two neutrons) and an atom of helium-4 (two protons and two neutrons).
01-tritium watches - tritium uses - tritium applications
Direct Radio Isotope Converts: 
Radioisotope power conversion, in which the energy from the decay of radioisotopes is used as a power source, allows powering of applications which are unsuited to power sources such as photovoltaics or generators or to batteries. These applications are typically remote, not accessible to any external energy source (including sunlight), and often must last between 5 to 50 years. They include not only space, but also small power sources for biomedical uses. Radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) are often used to convert the energy from the radioisotope by, converting it to heat, and then converting the heat to electricity via either a thermoelectric device, or thermophotovoltaics (TPV). Alternately, the radioisotope may be directly converted into electricity via betavoltaics, in which the energy from a beta particle creates electron holes pairs which are collected and used to generate power similar to a solar cell.

Dwivedi , Piyush and Vishal , Vivek (2007) Particle swarm optimization applied to job shop scheduling. BTech thesis.
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Abstract

In this project we have to apply the particle swarm optimization algorithm to job shop scheduling problem. Job shop scheduling is a combinatorial optimization problem where we have to arrange the jobs which may or may not be processed in every machine in a particular sequence and each machine has a different sequence of jobs. Job shop scheduling is a complex extended version of flow shop scheduling which is a problem where each job is processed through each and every machine and each machine has a same sequence of jobs. Our main objective in both kind of problem is to arrange the jobs in a sequence which gives minimum value of make span. PSO (Particle swarm optimization) helps us to find a combination of job sequence which has the least make span. In PSO a swarm of particles which have definite position and velocity for each job. In PSO, to find the combinations we use a heuristic rule called Smallest Position Value (SPV). According to smallest position value rule jobs are arranged in ascending order of their positions i.e. job having least position value is put first in sequence. In this project PSO is first applied to flow shop scheduling problem. This is done to understand how PSO algorithm can be applied to scheduling problem as flow shop scheduling problem is a simple problem. After Understanding the PSO algorithm, the algorithm is extended to apply in job shop scheduling problem for n jobs and m machines.
Item Type:Thesis (BTech)
Uncontrolled Keywords:Swarm optimization, PSO, SPV
Subjects:Engineering and Technology > Mechanical Engineering
Divisions:Engineering and Technology > Department of Mechanical Engineering
ID Code:4160
Deposited By:Hemanta Biswal
Deposited On:28 Jun 2012 14:45
Last Modified:28 Jun 2012 14:45
Supervisor(s):Mahapatra, S S

Dear, Rishi Kumar (2007) Estimation of power generation potential of agricultural based biomass species. MTech thesis.
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Abstract

In view of high energy potential in agricultural residues species and an increasing interest in their utilization for power generation an attempt has been made in this study to asses the proximate analysis and energy content of different components of four selected agricultural residues such as maize, coconut, paddy and arhar, and their impact on power generation and land requirement for energy plantations. The net energy content in coconut plant was found to be higher than other studied agricultural residues. The result shows that approximately 717 hectares, 1123 hectares, 1511 hectares and 4319 hectares of land are required to generate 20,000 kWh/day electricity from, coconut, maize, paddy and arhar pulse residues respectively. Coal samples, obtained from six different local mines were also examined for their qualities and the results were compared with those of studied biomass materials. This comparison reveals much higher power output with negligible emission of suspended particulate matter (spm) from biomass materials. It has been observed that coconut, paddy and arhar agricultural residue can be carried out safely (without clinker formation) up to the temperature of 950 o C.in case of use of maize agricultural residue, it may be more safe to operate the boiler at temperature below 800 o C. Since it has been observed that maize has lowest IDT (Initial deformation temperature) and lowest FT (Flow temperature), while coconut and paddy have highest IDT and FT.
Item Type:Thesis (MTech)
Uncontrolled Keywords:Biomass species, IDT, FT
Subjects:Engineering and Technology > Mechanical Engineering > Thermodynamics
Divisions:Engineering and Technology > Department of Mechanical Engineering
ID Code:4331
Deposited By:Hemanta Biswal
Deposited On:11 Jul 2012 14:06
Last Modified:11 Jul 2012 14:06
Supervisor(s):Patel , S K and Kumar , M

Dikshit, Vishwesh (2007) Development of compact copper-stainless steel heat exchanger using diffusing bonding techniques. MTech thesis.

Full text not available from this repository.

Abstract

The necessity of high effectiveness in a small volume has led to the development of perforated plate compact heat exchangers(CHE) for cryogenic applications. Although the basic principles have remained the same, the techniques of bonding have changed considerably during the last four decades. With the introduction of all metal construction, these exchangers are finding increasing use in cryogenic refrigerators. Besides soldering, brazing and adhesive bonding as joining techniques diffusion bonding of compact heat exchangers has been primarily applied. Diffusion bonding of copper to stainless steel(304) was carried out with interlayer metals such as Cr and Ni in order to investigate the influence of the interlayer metals on bonding conditions of the joints. The microstructure of the interfaces of diffusion-bonded bimetal was investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Solid state diffusion bonding technique is being applied in the construction of compact heat exchanger. In order to employ diffusion bonding processes for a construction of CHE, the process parameters which contribute to consistent formation of joints of the required strength have been critically examined. Process variables include temperature, pressure, time, surface roughness and, interlayer composition, density and thickness. Diffusion welding offers the unique possibility to achieve a metallurgical joining in the solid state without low melting filler, thus avoiding large brittle intermetallic phases, which form in the melt pool while cooling. The metals are joined by causing the coalescence of the metallic surfaces, by the application of pressure at elevated temperature for a finite interval. This technique produces joints with a minimum macroscopic deformation and without deterioration in the mechanical properties of the base metals, because the bonding is carried out below the solidus temperature(about 0.7Tin for the lowest melting-point metal) under a suitable pressure. Diffusion bonding of copper & SS were investigated to develop procedures for joining precision machined copper & SS components for the CHE. Diffusion bonds were tested over a range of temperatures from 800 0 C to 900 0 C, under different loading conditions(3 MPa-12 MPa ). The compact heat exchanger so fabricated has good strength, leak tightness and free flow of the heat-exchanging fluids.
Item Type:Thesis (MTech)
Uncontrolled Keywords:Copper-stainless steel, Diffusing bonding techniques, CHE, SEM, XRD
Subjects:Engineering and Technology > Mechanical Engineering
Divisions:Engineering and Technology > Department of Mechanical Engineering
ID Code:4345
Deposited By:Hemanta Biswal
Deposited On:11 Jul 2012 14:01
Last Modified:18 Jul 2012 15:57
Supervisor(s):Sarangi , S K

Datta, Sandip and Samad, Sabir Kumar (2007) Data mining of machine design elements using AI techniques. BTech thesis.
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Abstract

Data Mining is the process of extracting knowledge, hidden from large volume of raw data. AI is about simulating human intelligence. The project aims at proving that Data mining methods can be realized in Mechanical Engineering Industries. To prove this we have created a Database containing design elements and have made the process to retrieved design elements as per the requirements. The same when applied to any industry, it can be proved beneficial and also cut down a lot of time wasted due to human in efficiency. This includes several steps:
1. Design a Database which stores data,
2. using asp.net code to retrieve the data,
Data mining techniques viable tools for determining interesting patterns, clustering the parameter space, detecting anomalies in the simulation results, and for designing improved physical models. In mechanical industries, this technology can be used for a variety of jobs like forecasting, file management, providing information regarding the availability of material in production processes and also failure analysis in maintainance industries. The project mainly deals with building a huge database, collecting data from data-book, using SQL server 2000. retrieval is done using asp.net programming on WINDOWS 2003 Enterprise Edition platform.
Item Type:Thesis (BTech)
Uncontrolled Keywords:Data mining, AI, SQL, asp.net programming, WINDOWS 2003
Subjects:Engineering and Technology > Mechanical Engineering
Divisions:Engineering and Technology > Department of Mechanical Engineering
ID Code:4232
Deposited By:Hemanta Biswal
Deposited On:27 Jun 2012 11:45
Last Modified:27 Jun 2012 11:45
Supervisor(s):Padhi, D R K